Is Credit Card Necessary in Our Life Essay Example for Free

Is consultation Card Necessary in Our Life EssayA opinion posting is a card unloosed by a financial comp whatever to the holder in straddle for an individual to borrow funds often at a point of sale. It is important to utterance that i kaleification cards charge interest and are basically use for short-term financing. Moreover, the interests charged on assign cards are enacted usually one month after purchasing is made and borrowing limits are pre-set. This is with regard to the individuals card rating. Significantly, credit cards contain a taller interest pose that is about 19% per year than volume of the consumer lines or loans of credit. Consequently, many consumer stores allow redressment through with(predicate) credit cards, an aspect that has collide withn the vast growth of these cards. Suze denotes says For Americans who dont pay their entire credit card bill each month, the average balance is reason out to $4,000. In addition, they are a mode of requital in the current world by most companies and even the civil servants. However, the miscellaneous limitations like dent limit make credit cards insignificant in our life. Credit cards are not necessary in our life because they impose various limitations to the card holders.First, charging items, goods, and services on plastic can be convenient but encourage poor spending habits. Credit cards are promptly in spite of appearance ones reach. Moreover, people walk with these cards in their wallets and handbags. This is not only, a limiting means, but also encourages the issues of money expenditure. For instance, online stores establish buzz off a consider fit element in the current American society. Buying of goods and services can be done within seconds, especially with the home saving services at hand. Suze in her argument emphasizes, But also realize that some of you are broke by circumstances.I believe you are skint by Choice. This is to indicate the practices that we engage w ith the accessibility to the cards. Credit cards expose high rate expenditure among people with even little goods they would purchase locally. Credit card debt is a considerable problem that each ground people every year. Rise in the interest rates is a limit factor towards the use of credit cards. It is evident that financial companies vary their rates within days and even a month. For instance, the interest rate may change a great deal if the economy of the nation keeps alternating. This puts the credit card holders in a chilly spot.The fluctuation of interest rates has resulted to individuals going for loans since they cannot support their bills. Suze denotes, The average interest rate charged on credit is 15 portion, with plenty of folks paying 18 percent Moreover, the financial companies are after profits, and to come across they have set up this, they enact interest rates that are merely undistinguishable by the credit card holders. This exposes the card holders to vulner ability of inevitable charges by the organizations. Moreover, at propagation honorariums through the credit cards get missed. This is usual among the card holders.Various companies have emphasized on credit card payment mode. However, it is imperative to note that during the transfer of money from the corporative, some instances of money loss have been identified. Efficiency is a factor that cannot be relied on from payment and service coherence. Further more(prenominal), online vandalism in the form of account hacking is a current problem facing credit card issuing financial corporations. For instance, payoneer company accounts that are issued online to individuals from various regions of the world have faced vandalism with clients and card holders losing millions of cash.Hacking online credit card accounts has become a common practice in the present society. This has forced people to limit the workout of the credit cards. Credit cards are likely to accumulate debts if the month ly charges are not paid in time. if you are late on any other card, your zero deal can be in jeopardy. In addition, credit card scores are trashed by the financial companies rendering to discrepancy of the individual card holders. On the other hand, credit cards can be regarded to be very significant in the modern world. This is because they solve the issue of distance payment.For instance, an individual living in Great Britain can receive his/her salary even if working for a company established in the get together States. This is because the credit cards allows funds to be deposited on the card holders card. Furthermore, the card holder can withdraw money from any card supporting Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). This is not only an advantage to the credit card holders but a limitation to knowing their bank ledger rates and various banking processes within the account. Majority of the credit card holders neglect the various conditions and terms they are subjected to during accoun t application.Considerably, for the people who do not pay their credit card bill every month, it is significant to note that their average balance is estimated to $4,000. Considerably, the higher earning individual with an annual income that ranges $75000 and $100000, the average balance is approximately $8,000. To see if you have been late on any card, not just their car. This is a remarkably high cost in incorporating credit card in aspects of payment and other financial areas. It does not make meaning if an individual is paying, for example, 18 percent interest on a $7,000 balance and he/she makes just 1. percent minimum payment each month.This is because the individual will end up paying $20,000 in the averagely 50 years he/she will take to disdain the balance to zero. It is important to note that those people who like buying goods on credit are at a big risk of ending up in great debts. The various transactions or credits that are made on the credit cards are crucial since th ey gain more interest to the related financial company. It is important to limit the rate at which one uses the credit card. Suze denote Push yourself hard to make that extra payment as large as possible. Otherwise, an individual will end up accumulating a good amount of dents.Paying for groceries and friends drinks at the restaurant at your write down is a practice will finally get one to the unpaid credit balance. The card sets an individual for many snares and traps though the card companies in order for you to spend more creating more debts. The strategy for getting out of rid of the credit card debt is only by maneuvering the credit card companies with strategies that will ensure individuals pay the least amount possible interest rate. Considerably, the average interest charged on a credit card is about 15 percent.However, Suze says that, majority of the people pay at around 18 percent and any balance carried by a credit calls for the rate lowered as possible. In conclusion, it is important to note that credit cards are not necessary to our life. This is with consideration on the various credit debts they can amount to an individual. Further, they enhance high expenditure through online stores including groceries. Therefore, progressive use of credit cards even with minor goods and services that can be obtained readily endangers you to debts that are critical within credit card use.The most appropriate strategy in dealing with high-rate debt in the use of credit cards is ensuring that all your cards are equally used. If you have a FICO score of at least 720, and you make at least the minimum payment due each month, on time, you should be able to negotiate with your current credit card issuer to lower your rate. If other cards are frequently used unlike others an individual would be paying the monthly charges and other interests for free. Therefore, credit cards are a critical aspect in the financial ground of an individual.

Girls Education Essay Example for Free

Girls Education EssayIt is one the basic necessities to be educated for human, as world is full of competition, where one needs certain amount of skills to survive and be a threat to others. Education gives an insight to the person to describe between good and bad. Both men and women are part of our society so we need education for the female person persons as well as for the males. In India patronage of in all the plans measures, initiatives and tall claims by the government and various voluntary organizations, a vast majority of the girls are yet illiterate in India. During the last quaternity decades since independence, many schools and colleges are founded for girls. Education of girls is one of the basic features of the government plans. The female education is important for the society as mothers are the primary teachers of the children. They are the first teachers of the future citizens of the country. It is being increasingly recognized that educated wives and mother s are an asset to a nation.Educated girls are working in banks, private firms, hospitals and government offices and accompaniment their families as well as contributing to the development of the country. Educated girls have an honored position in society. They have secured their rights from the reluctant men but all this is confined chiefly to the urban areas. Indians are conservative by nature. So, their blind faith and age old superstition stood against the female education. In rural areas more or less of the people are still against girls education.So much needs to be done yet. Special legislation should be enacted to deal with parents who neglect the education of their daughters. thither are many villages where schools for girls do not exist. Every village must have a girl schools, or if that is not possible owing to deprivation of funds, parents should be persuaded to admit their daughters to the schools providing co-education. In recent years situation has improved consider ably. People have felt the virtue of female education.Now in India we receive women professors, lady doctors, lady scientists, lady politicians and lady ministers. Girls should be educated in the interest of our national progress. India is now optimistic in the field of female education. We had the female philosophers like Gargi, in the Vedic age. We had Mirabai, Ahalyabi and Laxmibai in the days of history. They were all learned. Hence, we had a great tradition during the days of our degeneration. Now, we have revived. So, we will certainly revive the female education in India.

Friend Recommendation System Software Design

Friend Recommendation System Softw ar DesignCHAPTER 4SOFTWARE DESIGN DESCRIPTION4.1INTRODUCTIONThe Software Design papers depicts transcript which go away be utilize to aid in the software development phase of this project by providing the specifics for how the software should be built. inwardly the Software Design Document are narrative and in writing(p) inventoryation of the software design for the project including use case models, sequence diagrams, object doings models, and other supporting requirement in formation. The requirements in SRS will be fully addressed in this software design document or alternative outcome should be given.4.2DESIGN OVERVIEWThe purpose of this software design document is to provide insight into the structure and design of each component in the Friend good word ashes. Topics covered include the side by side(p)Class hierarchies and interactionsData feed and design (DFD)User interface designTest cases and expected resultsIn short, this docu ment is meant to correspond the reader with a solid understanding of the inner workings of the Friend tribute system.The modules, as can be perceived from figure , are as followsCollect_Data_From_SensorsData CollectionData preprocessing bodily process RecognitionFriend-matching graph constructionFriend query and Feedback controlThese modules will be described in detail in the next section on System Design.4.3SYSTEM DESIGNThis section provides a modular structure of the proposed system and explains each subsystem along with the relationships amidst the subsystems and the interfaces between the modules. put down 4.1 The Architecture Diagram4.4DESIGN CONSTRAINTSThe boniface should be multithreaded.The Android application program at the client side should have a rehear mechanism to connect to horde.Software System AttributesUsability The software will be embedded in a website. It should be scalable designed to be tardily adopted by a system.Reliability The system should have ac curate results and fast response to users changing habits.Security The system uses GPS arrangement information to find friends within some distance. In govern to provide privacy, a region surrounding the accurate location will be uploaded to the system.4.5 mental faculty STRUCTUREThe below is the structure of modules Username/passwordUsers Credentials User DataUser Data interview for Processed dataFriends shineFeedbackFriend ListFriend ListFigure 4.2 The Module design 4.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF MODULESThis section describes each of the above modules in brief.Module LoginOrRegisterThis module contains login or accommodation in order to enter the user with Friendbook application. If the user has already registered, then he/she can directly login and start using the application. If he/she is not registered then he/she has to register with friendbook application.Module Authenticate UsersThis module compares the entered Username and Password with the respective records among the database entries. If a match is found, then redirects the user to his/her profile page. Else, an appropriate message is thrown and the user is redirected to the registration page.For registration, compares the Username entered with the ones in the database to check its availability. If unavailable, then asks for a different Username, else create a new record in the database and save the entered details. Redirects the user to his/her profile page on registration with appropriate message, if the Username is not already present. If the Username entered during registration is not unique, then an appropriate message is thrown.Name and Usernames should start with an alphabet and Password should contain at least one alphabet and one numeric character and one special character.Module Collect_Data_From_SensorsSmartphone (e.g., iPhone or Android- base smartphones) are equipped with a rich fortune of embedded sensors, such as GPS, accelerometer, microphone, gyroscope, and camera. On the client side, e ach smartphone records data of its user from the sensors such as accelerometer, and GPS information.This collected data is further sent to the server for further processing.Module Data Collection and Pre-processingThis module collects the data sent from the client side. The keen data collected will be in format time ,latitude ,longitude ,accx ,accy ,accz . The collected raw data is further pre processed to remove outliers. Median filtering technique is used for outlier detection and removal. An unsupervised learning technique is use on the preprocessed data to form clusters known as Kmeans clustering algorithm. The resulting clusters forms a list of activities carried out by a user, where each cluster representing an activity.Module Activity RecognitionNow that the k clusters are formed, each represents an activity, carriagestyles are further extracted from these activities using LDA algorithm. A library called LAML is used*. It provides a convenient API to get motif structures f or an array of input strings.The extracted lifestyles are used to find the similarities between the users.Once the similarity is calculated, the user who has highest similarity is suggested as a friend.Module User Query and Feedback ControlThis module performs two tasks, it accepts and responds to user queries (eg, query for friend list) and collects feedback from users in order to improve the accuracy of the friend recommendation system.4.6INTERFACE DESCRIPTIONThe following is the list of external interfacesSOCIAL NETWORK PORTAL A portal where the users can do registration by entering their details and likewise provide a feedback on the recommendations to improve the accuracy of the system. It is implemented using JSP and HTML.MOBILE INTERFACE It continually sends the mundane activities to the server via network using TCP alliance. The daily activities are characterized by walking, sitting and GPS location.RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM This is the interface in which the friend recommen der algorithm works in the background. This interface will be used by the users. Customer cannot do many operations, but their feedbacks or ratings are very important to create a relevant recommendation. End users can solitary(prenominal) provide feedback and view recommendations.HARDWARE INTERFACES The recommendation system can work on any smartphone device. These devices should have some limit requirements to make the application drift effectively. The processor speed and internet speed are expected to be high.SOFTWARE INTERFACESThis system can work on any platform. Internet partnership is a must to reach the system. Moreover, most of the application will be coded by Java. Java APIs of database management tools such as Netbeans, which is a standalone workbench application to interact with database management tools.4.6.1 Use Case Diagrams And Key FeaturesA use case diagram is a kind of behavioral design, which is constructed from an analysis. It presents a graphical synopsis of the capabilities provided by a system in terms of actors, aims and dependencies between use cases.Friend book user can perform following activities make the application in their mobilesLogin/Register with the applicationView the list of most similar friendsUpload feedback for improving accuracy of the system.The Use Case diagram in Figure 4.3, shows the different functionalities a friendbook user can perform.Figure 4.3 Friendbook User Use CaseThe System can perform following activitiesCollect raw data from usersPre-process the dataPerform Activity Recognition and extract the lifestyles using LDAFind the list of friends based on similarity between usersHandle FeedbackFigure 4.4 The Server Part Use Case4.8Class DiagramTop Level Client-Side Class DiagramThe client side class diagram, mainly consists of UI(user interface) essentialfor a user to register with the application by providing users information, after which user will be able to login and start the service. Once the applica tion starts, it continually records the values from sensors in the formatThe above values are to the server at regular intervals (say 3secs). In order to send the values to server a TCP connection is setup. Once the connection is setup, the device will start sending the data. The users can also provide a feedback on the recommendation results given to them.Top Level Server-Side Class DiagramThe server-side class diagram, consists of classes that are executed in a sequential manner. Firstly, ActivityClustering class collects the data sent from the mechanical man device, and pre-processes it using median filtering technique. After the data is filtered, the processed data is then partitioned into k clusters using k-means algorithm. Next, a class known as ConvertToActivitySeq is invoked, which maps the activities to cluster they are close to and produces a list containing sequence of activities i.e,. the life document. This document is further given as an input to LifeStylemodelling cl ass, which computes p(word/document) i.e, it calculates probability of word given the document matrix. This matrix is then decomposed to produce two matrices, called p(word/lifestyle) and p(lifestyle/document). Finally, p(lifestyle/document) matrix is used to calculate the similarities of the lifestyles between users.4.8DATA FLOW DIAGRAMThe data flow diagrams are pictorial type of data flowing in the system. DFDs are used for the purpose of viewing the data processing in the system. In a data flow diagram, the data elements flow from external or an internal data source, through an internal process.Level 0 Data Flow DiagramA train 0 DFD or a context level design represents the intercommunication between the system and external sources, which act as data sinks. In Level 0 DFD, the interaction between the system and external entity are designed in terms of data flows across the system boundaries. This level diagram shows the complete system as a single procedure.In the DFD diagram s hown in Fig*, the lifestyle information are the sensor values sent from the client i.e., mechanical man phone to the server. The data sent from client are processed to produce a list of potential friends.Figure 4.* Level 0 DFD of Lifestyle based friend recommenderLevel 1 Data Flow DiagramThe level 1 DFD, exhibits how the system is split into sub components, where each component represents one or more data flows to or from an external source. And when combined, it provides the complete functionality of the system as a whole. It represents the inter components data flows in a specific sequence and also the data flow between the components of the system.The proposed application consists of the components as shown in the figure 5.*. It first performs data collection, raw data pre-processing by noise removal, Activity intuition where each cluster represents an activity and finally calculates similaties between users to suggest a friend.Figure 5.* Level 1 DFD of Lifestyle based friend recommender4.9OBJECTS AND ACTIONS (SEQUENCE DIAGRAM)The sequence diagrams shows below. period for Setup ConnectionThis sequence is to set up FOR TCP connection between user and the server. Also monitors GPS and Accelerometer by collecting the data from them. period for monitoring device Result to the serverThe raw data, that is sent from the client is collected by server. And the collected raw data is pre-processed for outlier removal.Sequence for Finding FriendsWhen the user queries for the friend list, the server accepts the request from the client and responds by sending the potential list of friends.Sequence for Data CollectionThe data collection module collects life documents from users smartphones. The life document is collection of users activities. The life styles of users are extracted by the life style analysis module with the probabilistic topic model(by using a library for LDA ). Then the life style indexing module puts the life styles of users into the database in the format of (life- style, user) instead of (user, life-style). As the packet arrives , these packet will be store in files.Sequence for PreprocessingThe user sends data, and preprocesses to make the data consistent, by remove irrelevant data.The preprocessed data is converted into archive and upload to the database.Sequence for Database ConnectionData base connection is established when a friend request query is posed. A TCP connection will be established between user and server. Server will process this request and respond with the extracted information from the database i.e, the list of potential friends.4.10PSEUDO CODEMOBILE ENDSERVER SIDE PSEUDO CODE

Underachievement: African Carribean

Underachievement Afri discharge CarribeanUnderachievement African CaribbeanAbstractThis depicted object discusses various issues related to to a offseter place achievement of African-Caribbean or filthy boys in British crops. The show high-pitchedlights the fact that in that respect is a denial in the British educational remains of race and racism and that this is reflected in the in-flexibility of just slightly(prenominal) cultivates to consider the differential positioning of B lose boys in the UK and the effect of their experiences in the shallow dust and opportunities gained thereafter in the useplace.In sum the study shows that there is clear evidence that African-Caribbean learners concur non sh ard or have been received equ in ally in the increasing rates of just educational transaction at various academic platforms.Chapter 1 IntroductionBoys underachievement has been a major concern within academic circles and among g oernment bodies (Gorard, Gillborn) fo r quite a while. Ofsted 1996 highlighted the gap amid the actualizeance of boys and girls as the attainment continued to lower for boys as they move along the key stages. Coard explores nigh of the issues that ominous children faced three decades ago. Some of the unfathomable failure of dispirited children within the British school system includesRacist policies and practices of the education authorities in the pastRacism within the curriculum itself first base t apieceer expectation and how destructive a force this could beInadequate shady p arntal knowledge of and involvement in what was happening to their children (Coard 1971).According to Coard, black children were deemed as Educationally Sub-Normal (ESN) and were excluded from mainstream. This issue coupled with racist policies and curriculum and low teacher expectation caused most of these children to encounter emotional disturbances which in the long stray affected their overall performance of black children in Britain . Despite the odds, in the late 1960s and 1970s some black children were able to pretend it academically but the majority were non so lucky (Coard 1971).Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this study is to investigate the educational experiences of African-Caribbean boys in the UK. The main focus allow be to identify the factors that have contributed to the poor academic performance of Black Boys over the long time. Furthermore, this work would investigate the claim that there is a denial in the British educational system of race and racism and that this is reflected in the inflexibilityof m some(prenominal) schools to consider the differential positioning ofBlack boys in the UK and the effect of their experiences in the school system and opportunities gained thereafter in the workplace.This work will draw on a study in which various stakeholders voice e.g. (Tony Sewell) their experiences of why Black Boys in Britain perform poorly in schools and alsoseek to identify alternative v isionsof schooling to re-engage Black males thereby increasing their prospect for a successful future.Research QuestionsWhat is the relationship betwixt under achievement and social exclusion of black boys studying in UK schools?How be schools dealing with the issue of student underachievement of black students studying in UK institutions?Are all black boys underachieving?Significance of the StudyThis study is quite significant as it shows that high under-achievement rates are non just an issue for black pupils. In 2005-2006 the permanent under-achievement rate for peculiar(prenominal) schools was 0.54% compared with 0.34% for secondary and 0.04% for primary schools overall, pupils with biddings of modified educational admit were seven times more likely to be excluded from school than pupils without statements (DCSF, 2007). opposite chemical groups who are over-re sited in the statistics include children opineed after by local authorities and children from Gypsy and travel ler families, despite the behaviour of travelling pupils being generally ripe(p) (OFSTED, 2006b). Links have been made between school under-achievement and long-term social under-achievement (Blyth Milner, 2003), as have think between school under-achievement and juvenile crime (Graham Bowling, 2005 Gilbertson, 2005) these links are also recognised by government as a form _or_ system of government issue (Social Under-achievement Unit, 2005).For many pupils permanent under-achievement from school marks the end of their positive education a recent report by the Audit Commission (2006) suggests that only 15% of permanently excluded secondary pupils return to mainstream schooling.Chapter 2 Literature brushupA review of the literature on student under achievement highlights the fact that heathen monitoring of under-achievement was first introduced by the DCSF in the 2004-2005 national schools census. data from that census indicates that although Black Caribbean pupils form onl y 1.1% of the school population they represented 7.3% of those excluded from school and were around six times more likely to be excluded than their washrag peers.The disproportionate under-achievement of black boys is a circumstancely serious problem because overall many more males than females are excluded official statistics show the ratio to be 4.3 boys for each excluded girl. Nevertheless, within the female school population, girls identified as Black Caribbean are also particularly vulnerable to under-achievement the school census shows they accounted for 8.8% of excluded girls in 2004-2005 (DCSF, 2006) and are therefore eight times more likely to be excluded than qualification be suggested by the ethnic composition of schools. in that respect is also evidence that African-Caribbean pupils have not shared as in the increasing rates of average educational performance at GCSE. An OFSTED-commissioned review of question on the achievements of ethnic minority pupils over a 10 year period up to 2005 concludes that the relatively lower exam achievements of Caribbean pupils, especially boys in a wide range of academic and grazing land research studies is a cause for concern.The research evidence suggests that A combination of gender and racial stereotypes may make it more difficult for young black men to avoid being caught up in cycles of increasingly severe criticism and control (Gillborn Gipps, 2006, pp. 29 and 58). For black families rising under-achievement rates, combined with boys relatively low levels of achievement in public examinations, amount to an educational crisis.Under-achievement and Special Educational NeedsIt has been suggested (for example, Norwich, 2004 Parffrey, 2004) that in some schools children may be excluded when it is required as appraisal and provision for special educational needs (SEN). Analysis of permanent under-achievement from Birmingham schools during the 2006-2007 school year indicated that 53% of those excluded were on the schools special needs register.The Code of Practice relating to special educational needs (DfE, 2004a) requires schools to draw up an individual education plan (IEP) for a child identified as having SEN and outlines a series of stages in which the school is responsible, in co-operation with bind agencies, for meeting these needs. It can be argued from a personal experience and evidence from an interview with a teacher that most of the black boys that are underachieving are SEN children who comes under social emotional and behavioural difficulties and probably that is why they are underachieving because the have not been diagnosed for IEP to be made on them yet.These are pupils whose cultivation and/or behavioural difficulties may be placing tension on teachers but for whom the amount of additional bear is limited. It is possible that some of these childrens needs might have been met and under-achievement avoided if the school had been able to access appropriate additional fight back at an earlier stage.Although official national statistics recognise the over-representation of children with SEN among those excluded from school, these statistics only count excluded pupils with a statement of special education need and thus record pupils with SEN as a minority (17%) of all under-achievements (DCSF, 2007). Analysis of the Birmingham data, which allows us to consider all pupils on the special needs register, indicates that over half the children permanently excluded from Birmingham schools have identified special educational needs.If this pattern is replicated across the country, whence it seems likely that the extent to which unmet special educational needs may be contributing to the problem of under-achievement has been under-estimated. It is possible that some LEAs with low proportions of children assessed as having special educational needs, both overall and from particular ethnic groups, may not be identifying children in need of SEN support. Where this correlates with high under-achievement rates, there is reason to suspect that neglected learning difficulties may lie behind some of the disciplinary problems.Ethnimetropolis and Reducing Under-achievementAn analysis of the number of groups under-achieving per secondary school over the three year period 2001-2003 with the number of under-achievement in the three years 2004-2006, in order to identify schools which had reduced the number of pupils permanently excluded in Birmingham, show a reduction in the number of pupils excluded over this period, from an average of 11 to an average of seven per school.Those secondary schools which had reduced their use of permanent exclusion had, overall, cut under-achievement by nearly half for all ethnic groups. This suggests that where schools had developed policies for reducing under-achievement, these had been equally effective for all ethnic groups.Nevertheless, this still left black pupils to be over-represented among the under-achievem ent from these schools. The evidence suggests that if the problem of over-representation of black pupils is to be addressed and racial equality achieved then strategies which specifically address the needs of these children are historic.Since African-Caribbean pupils formed some 28% of excluded pupils and only 8% of the school population in Birmingham, I wished to argue whether this might be because African-Caribbean pupils are more likely to attend schools with high under-achievement rates.A total of 14 schools with high under-achievement rates, i.e. schools which had permanently excluded 30 or more pupils in the 6 year period 2001-2006, were identified (two of them grant maintained schools). Of these, 11 had an African-Caribbean population of 8% or less and the other three had higher proportions of African-Caribbean children than for the city as a whole, ranging from 11 to 33%.Sewell (1998), mentions that African-Caribbean boys were six times more likely to be excluded from schoo l as compared to the other group. Furthermore there are argument that these black boys were seen to be conformists in that they were seen to be studying both the means and goals of schooling but they are most likely to be excluded.There is evidence of an interview with a black boy on page 113 which goes further to prove that not all boys are the same. This particular point is important to my research as there seems to be the assertion that all black boys are underachieving and this is what this research seeks to address. Sewell unpacks some of the oversimplification that exists in the current debate near boys underachievement.He goes further to describe boys as a tip of the iceberg in a doomsday scenario within the school. There seems to be a link between gender identity and anti-school attitude which makes peer group pressure which is sensitive in boys to allow the generalization to be made closely boys as unified lumps, in this content as underachieving academicallyIdentifying Good PracticeThe study sought to understand teachers and direct teachers attitudes and approaches to under-achievement and to equal opportunities. Previous research studies have tended to ignore teachers perspectives and the ways in which under-achievement merge into the lives of schools (Gillborn Gipps, 2006), although Haydens (2007) study of children excluded from primary schools does consider the perspectives of both head teachers and class teachers of excluded pupils.My study addressed schools with low or declining under-achievement rates with the aim of identifying good practice in minimising the practice of under-achievement.In particular, I wished to establish whether teachers in the case study schools felt supported in managing difficult or challenging pupil behaviour or whether a low under-achievement rate might be masking other problems and causing stress to individuals works in these schools. Where schools are able to avoid under-achievement we wished to identify the a lternative strategies they adopt.Teachers Explanations of Rising Under-Achievement RatesTeachers and head teachers in the case study schools were not asked about the impact of recent educational reforms, but as they reflected on pupil behaviour and their own attitudes to excluding pupils they made regular reference to the changing social policy context in which they are working.They referred frequently to the impact which marketplace forces in education have made on school discipline, increased teacher workloads, changed paternal expectations and to how the National Curriculum had limited the scope for schools to meet individual needs and address pupils personal and social behaviour.They broadly agree with Charlton David (2003), Blyth Milner (2004), and Hevey (2004) and Hayden (2007) that increased competition between schools for pupils and resources is a key underlying reason for a general rise in under-achievement.As Parffrey (2004) argues, Naughty children are bad news in the market economy. No one wants them. They are bad for the image of the school, they are bad for the league tables, they are difficult and time-consuming, and they upset and stress the teachers.The teachers believed that although schools were all experiencing similar conditions, some had resisted excluding pupils who presented problems. In that have lower excluding rate much(prenominal) as their own, when teachers were working with numbers of children with behavioural difficulties, they argued that the costs of maintaining higher thresholds of tolerance were felt by teachers themselves, in terms of teacher stress and fatigue.Many teachers in the study, notably those in primary schools who have responsibility for the whole curriculum, believed that the National Curriculum has led schools to accept a narrow view of education and, as Gray et al. (2004) have suggested, that it has diminished the importance of personal and social education.They indicated that curriculum pressures and deman ds for additional record retention leave them with little time to support a disruptive child or to develop appropriate alternative materials for children with learning difficulties. This in turn can lead to frustration and consequent disruption among such children if they are unable to succeed in the tasks set.Teachers set these difficulties within the context of wider social problems facing childrens families, notably unemployment and poverty. They suggested that pressures faced by children in school, allied to difficulties which a number of them were experiencing out of school and young peoples belief that schooling might not support them in senseing future work, were having an impact on their motivation, even at primary levelWe are into the second extension of children whose parents have not worked. A administrate of the original reasons why people toed the line are not there any longer and I think that a lot of the children in our school are living in situations where there does not seem an awful lot of point to education.Everyone wants to achieve in some form, but I feel at home and at school they are not seeing opportunities for themselves as individuals. Some of the traditional motivations are not there. So weve got to look at alternatives. Where we become negative its because of tiredness, its because of workload, its because of the amount of curriculum we have to cover. Weve lost sight of making it interesting. (Primary teacher)Interestingly, none of the teachers suggested that the removal of corporal punishment as a possible disciplinary option had contributed to discipline problems, and ultimately to the increasing use of under-achievement as a sanction, as did a number of the teachers and parents in Haydens (2007) study of excluded children.Teachers Understandings of racial EqualitySome teachers also argued that pressures to meet the demands of the National Curriculum had led to an approach where teachers a great deal fail to consider whether or not the content of lessons builds upon particular childrens experiences and cultures. This would lead some children to feel neglected or marginalised and thus more likely to become disaffected. One teacher argued that an inappropriate curriculum was part of the solution, as was inadequate teacher training, but felt that teacher expectations played a central roleThe over-representation of African-Caribbeanboys (among those excluded) is a very complicated issue. However, I think expectations make a big difference, and I think we do tend, however well intentioned, to see a black boy and think they are going to be trouble. A lot of this is down to the media and how they over emphasise issues about black boys, the society in general as well as other research findings.I think that one of the problems is that after a long period of dependency (on National Curriculum requirements) and considering new teachers now, there is a whole generation of teachers who are sent into schools without the grounding of making decisions about what is appropriate for example SEN issues in the class (experience from supply teaching)These teachers comments about a generation of teachers being inadequately prepared to make decisions about appropriate curriculum content within the context of a culturally diverse classroom was supported by a number of newly qualified teachers. Such teachers reported that they wished to develop multicultural approaches but lacked training in this area and were unaware as to where they might find suitable materials. (Birmingham report 2004)Head teachers generally showed themselves to be more aware of issues relating to cultural diversity and racial equality than class teachers. Parffrey (2004) points out that schools in Canada and the regular army do not exclude children since schooling is recognised as the means by which children realise their basic human right to education.According to research studies on teachers understating of racial equality none of the teachers or head teachers interviewed in the case study schools supported the abolition of permanent under-achievement, although all heads saw it as a last resort. A number characterised it as a failure on the part of the school I would say permanent under-achievement is a defeat (secondary head teacher).Some head teachers recalled their personal sense of failure and distress as they recounted the experience of permanently excluding a pupil. Nevertheless, all the head teachers, including the two primary headsone of whom had neer excluded and the other who had excluded only two pupils in 20 years as head teacheradvocated retaining permanent under-achievement as an ultimate sanctionBehaviour PoliciesMost school had developed its own system of rewards and sanctions which were generally explicit in the behavioural code. The aim is to provide a structure of support for difficult pupils, with a system of rewards and a full range of lesser sanctions so that permanent under-achievemen t was, where possible, avoidedThere is some evidence (for example, Holland Hamerton, 2004) that even within schools there can be diversity in the types of offence for which pupils are, and are not, excluded. Such inconsistency might, in certain circumstances, allow sanctions to be applied in a discriminatory way.However, it could be argued that policies itemization particular offences as leading to under-achievement should be avoided, as they could place heads in the position of having to exclude a pupil when mitigating circumstances might make under-achievement inappropriate.darn this might mean treating the same offence differently when committed by different pupils or groups of pupils, it could also reduce the rate of under-achievement. It is essential that clear explanations of school policy are made to both pupils and parents, so they can see the justice of a schools approach.In some cases of under-achievement from school, teacher inexperience or lack of skills or training i n managing difficult pupil behaviour may play a part (OFSTED, 2006a). A lot of the behavioural problems that exist , and I do not think there are many, are due to the fact that the whole staff have not got together to go over the approach to aspects of misbehaviour in real depth.So what I think is happening for example, if a member of staff does something inappropriate-this is not criticise a pull the leg of gets into the situation where the school has to send them home. But I think if we could change the approach in the classroom more, this would happen less. At the moment we have to play off to situations and also we are trying to send a message to the students about the standards that are required of them.Pastoral Care and MentoringIn a case study of schools, (Birmingham city council 2004) particularly in the secondary schools, they felt that school discipline was directly related to the degree of respect which was shown to them by teachers and also to the level of support they received from teachers.A number express the importance of giving pupils occasional opportunities for individual tutorials with a teacher at which they might raise personal or academic concerns. Effective pastoral care systems were also highlighted by a number of head teachers as contributing to good discipline and self-discipline among pupils. At some schools the behaviour policy was incorporated within the schools pastoral policyManaging difficult behaviour and developing discipline is to do with the whole school ethos. We are in the business of caring and supporting therefore we do whatever we can. We are in the business of being fair. Another thing looked at was how to honour positive behaviour. (Head teacher, secondary school)Some schools had worked hard to ensure that their Personal and Social Education curriculum allowed all pupils to reflect on issues of their personal conduct. For example, some had introduced a mentoring programme for pupils who were presenting problems o r who were disaffected.In one secondary school, a group of African-Caribbean boys who had been regularly in trouble and were perceived as vulnerable to under-achievement were being colloquially mentored by the (white male) head teacher. On the other hand, an African-Caribbean man could be invited to lead weekly sessions with African-Caribbean boys.Another aim was to raise self-esteem, and we be bring in consultants to work with the pupils on half-day conferences, to get them thinking about Where do I want to be in three or four or five years time?. (Head teacher, Birmingham school)Equal Opportunities Policy and PracticeOne explanation for the over-representation of African-Caribbean pupils within the under-achievement statistics is racism. The suggestion is not that most teachers operate in overly racist ways but that deep-seated stereotypes held by teachers and school governors may lead to black children being seen as having behavioural difficulties.Bridges (2004) suggests that wi th additional pressures on black families from high levels of unemployment, cuts in social spending, racial harassment and social dislocation imposed on their family and community life it is hardly surprising that some black children present themselves as aggressive in school, as this is a stance that society outside has taught them is necessary for survival.Stifling (2003), in her research into the causes of under-achievement , set in motion that race often featured as a background issue and that although schools think they treat all their pupils the same and do not exclude black pupils unfairly, they do not take into account the factors which have caused the unacceptable behaviour, particularly racial harassment by other pupils.She concludes Throughout the course of my research I have found evidence of open racism demonstrated by staff in schools to be uncommon. Far more common is the racial harassment of a black child by a white peer group. A government-commissioned study to es tablish why some schools appear more effective in managing pupil behaviour and avoiding under-achievement also highlighted racism, in the area if not in the school, as one of the problems likely to be experienced by excluded pupils (OFSTED, 2006a).Community and Support runPrevious research has suggested that in many cases of under-achievement , support from outside the school has been lacking, while the support provided within school has been to overhaul the teacher cope, rather than to help pupils overcome their problems (Abbotts Parsons, 2003). A case study schools drew on a wide range of outside support agencies, including voluntary agencies, independent consultants and LEA support services. However, they noted that resources for LEA services were often limited and that they may not always be available for all pupils who need them.One community-based initiative which has been welcomed by a number of Birmingham schools is the KWESI project (Klein, 2006), a mentoring project run by black men which targets black boys judged to be vulnerable to under-achievement . The mentors enter into a union with schools to support individual children and KWESI asks its volunteers and participating schools to adopt a no blame approach, so that both parties work for the best interests of the child.Although none of the case study schools was working directly with KWESI, evidence suggests that the scheme has been influential beyond the schools where volunteers are working. It has made head teachers aware of the need to address the disproportionate under-achievement of African-Caribbean boys and may have contributed to a change in the climate of opinion.The Role of the LEAThere is a clear role for LEAs in providing feedback to schools on the patterns and trends in exclusions and the impact on under-achievement. supervise of exclusions varied considerably among schools. Some head teachers, for example, did not have the data to discuss numbers of fixed term exclusions in rela tion to permanent exclusions nor any evidence as to whether fixed term exclusions helped to prevent permanent exclusions.The desirability of recording and monitoring action taken to support vulnerable pupils was also stressed by a number of schools. Birmingham LEA currently provides support for schools own monitoring by analysing their records to highlight any patterns in under-achievement by ethnic group and sex.A school wishing to monitor under-achievement thoroughly would need to collect and analyse data for both fixed term and permanent exclusions by sex, ethnic group, special educational needs, socio-economic background (for example, by entitlement to free school meals) and year group. Schools can record additional data which might indicate a need for changes in practice or school policies for example, noting the pupils and teachers who are involved in incidents leading to under-achievement. LEAs might provide guidance in such matters and put schools in touch with schools in si milar circumstances who have found solutions to particular difficulties.Head teachers of schools with low under-achievement rates often feel penalised if they are asked to accept pupils excluded from other schools. Head teachers also suggested that the LEA might impose a ceiling on the number of previously excluded pupils a school should be expected to take within a given period, thus protecting the support and resources available for difficult pupils within any one school.According to a research a school had received a small grant from the LEA to assist with the integration of excluded pupils. Although the head argued the money had not stretched far, this was seen as a gesture of goodwill. Such funds can support an induction programme which might include additional supervision and support from outside agencies. Other support for reintegration might include allocation of a special teacher-tutor and the development of a peer group mentoring scheme.Within LEAs there is also a need for great collaboration between those who address the needs of vulnerable children and curriculum and advisory services which have particular expertise regarding equal opportunities and race equality issues. In many LEAs responsibility for under-achievements rests with an individual or service responsible for special educational needs in such a situation questions of structural or unintended racism or possible racial discrimination are likely to have low priority if they are on the agenda at all.The West Midlands Under-achievement Forum, set up to bring together representatives from nine LEAs to share expertise and develop policies and strategies to minimise school under-achievement, is a good example of inter-LEA co-operation. It is not just at the level of policy development that such co-operation is important. For children living in one area but attending school in a neighbouring LEA there are sometimes difficulties in the co-ordinated provision of services.Chapter 3 MethodologyRes earch MethodFor this study I have utilised the soft research approach. Qualitative research is much more subjective than quantitative research and uses very different methods of compendium information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups. However, since this research study is a secondary qualitative research the data that has been collected for qualitative analysis has been through an extensive review of literature that has been published in the subject in the past few years.Secondary research is often less costly than surveys and is extremely effective in acquiring information about peoples communicating needs and their responses to and views about specific communication. It is often the method of choice in instances where quantitative measurement is not required.For the purpose of this project the qualitative interview is the undefiled approach to take using semi structured interviews. Quantitative research involves counting and measuring of events and perf orming the statistical analysis of a numerical data (Smith, 1988). The assumption behind this is that there is an objective truth existing that can be measured and explained significantly. The main concerns of the quantitative approach are that, their measurement is reliable, reasonable and generalisable in its clear prediction of cause and effect (Cassell and Symon, 1994).Primary Data was collected first through interviews. Merriam (1994) said that Interviews are the best form of collecting evidence if the researcher wants to find out facts that cannot be observed. The student used semi-structured int

Differences and Importance of IPPS, OPPS, MPFS and DMEPOS

Differences and Importance of IPPS, OPPS, MPFS and DMEPOSThe yardbird prospective stipend system (IPPS) is a structure of earnings that comprises the instances of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) as acute c ar hospital in longanimouss. It is founded on resources that are employed to take care of recipients of Medicare in those groups. Each one DRG has a weight of wages allocated to it, founded on the standard comprise of treating patients in that DRG. IPPS participates a signifi mucklet function in deciding all damages of hospital as well as the costs of all tools for treating the patient all through a precise stay of inpatient (CMS. Gov, 2012). The outpatient prospective payment system (OPPS) on the other facial expression is controlled for service groups of diverse outpatient as classifications of ambulatory payment (APCs).Outpatient services in every APC are alike in expressions of clinical aspects and entailed resources. The APC payment rate In addition, for every group is wage adjusted to rationalize differences of geographic and functional in the group to all services. Hospitals In this get a fixed sum for all services of outpatient founded on classifications of ambulatory payment. Medicare apart from this, employs it to repay physicians and surplus wellness care providers for the items and services that are not fraction of prospective payment systems (Herbert, 2012). A Medicare physician fee schedule (MPFS) establishes the rates of payment for therapy and physician services that are founded on conversion factors, relative regard as units, and cost indices of geographic practice.Durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics and supplies (DMEPOS) is recounted to reimbursement rates for these specific things to suppliers that make certain admission of a high-class of these things to the patients. It includes more than a small take of regulations of payment managing the delivery of DMEPOS things for beneficiaries of Medicare. It renders the pr ocess of competitive and authorization bidding, supplier enrollment, that have an force on suppliers payment made by the hospitals. It advances the capability of physicians to offer these things to their patients in an suitable manner. It make sure efficient supply of the mandatory resources like wellness techniques, equipments, and technologies to the deprived at the right cost. There is most important disparity of recipients, provider groups, and their services offered for medical beneficiaries in these models, (CMS. Gov, 2012).OPPS and IPPS are executed for the similar provider i.e. health organizations and hospitals, nevertheless different in their recipients, who are out patients and inpatients correspondingly. DMEPOS and MPFS take ont comprise prospective payment systems and focus on supplier and physicians groups correspondingly. All these methods are structured to restrain on raise in health care services cost to the patients. It aids for the beneficiaries of medical to ge t forest and effective health care services at low down cost (Green Rowell, 2012). Hospitals With this are also confined to get a precise amount for their services, which they offer to the patients.Payment ExpectationsBoth inpatient and outpatient prospective payment system methods of reimbursement are employed by Medicare to reimburse hospitals for outpatient and inpatient services, in addition to rehabilitation hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and home health services. It is anticipated from both providers that they ought to provide outpatient and inpatient services to the patients efficiently. It is as well anticipated that these hospitals for all time emphasize improving effectiveness and strength of care, while generating a results-oriented, patient-focused, market-driven environment (Zweifel, Breyer Kifmann, 2009). It is supposed to be noted down In this context, that in the instance that someone is not capable to recompense for hospitahealth services it is anticipat ed from the hospital that it offer the free of cost health services. It in addition have to serve a least amount number of beneficiaries of Medicare.Non-physician and physicians practitioners Under the MPFS, are remunerated that offer fundamental health services to beneficiaries of Medicare. For this group Payment expectation is to advance the quality of care for patients while eradicating barriers to thriving participation of physician. They ought to follow Medicare laws with this, consecutively to accomplish the medical beneficiaries expectation. It is native for them In addition, to offer facilities of Medicare to the patients at decided prices with no both conflicts. It is as well presumed to non-physician and physicians practitioners that they construct of the majority of their knowledge and skills consecutively to offer patients health interposition (CMS. Gov, 2012). All hospital and physicians practitioners acquire a fixed sum for every patient and are accountable for maki ng accessible all services for that patient above a assigned period.DMEPOS is employed for paying back suppliers of prosthetics, durable medical equipment, orthotics and supplies to the patients. Value based purchasing of health care services are Payment expectations for this provider that can offer additional transparency on quality and cost to make certain Medicare beneficiaries optimal care. Providers In addition, have to be additional spotlight to supply to CMS performance data, which is probable to have an effect on potential reimbursements to provider. There are financial penalties for those providers In condition of any infringement of CMS standards,who dont meet up these standards (Mayes Berenson, 2006). It is as well anticipated from suppliers that they offer efficient supplies to the hospitals in considers ensuring the eminence of the patients health.Implication of a shift Mix Involving IPPS, OPPS and DMEPOS for A Small HospitalImplication of a case mix In a small hospit al, concerning OPPS IPPS,and DMEPOS is to develop the hospital care quality and center on designing effectual improvement facilities of quality. Hospitals are a most important constituent of the delivery system of health care, which are required to implement and develop an important outcome on quality, costs and admission to care. Small hospitals can attain their payments in a appropriate way in the course of executing these methods. They might be capable to get diverse equipments and required resources at rational price all the way through suppliers (Chalfin Rizzo, 2011).It can facilitate them to offer healthcare services based on quality to the patients at a lower cost. They can obtain an appropriate amount for religious offering healthcare services to the outpatients and inpatients. It facilitates them to classify their services according the health regulations in an effectual way. It as well offers them equivalent opportunity to get growth since of security system for payment of their services as indicated by fixed standards and sets.Hospitals of Small specialty and centers in concern of this, are obtaining the latest technology and equipment consecutively to draw high-end customers from mercenary hospitals. DMEPOS can aid them to obtain these services with easiness at low down cost. These hospitals Apart from this, are proficient to administer their cash flow aptly regarding their inventories and services. A fixed and proper amount of payment to the small health care providers employees can stimulate them to offer quality services to the beneficiaries of medical in effect (CMS. Gov, 2012). Small hospitals can acquire bonus payments for offering health professional shortage care. Consequently, a small hospital can associate these payment methods fittingly in its operations.There possibly will be likelihood of risk to get lesser amount on the other hand, for their services since of the nature of unhealthiness of patients, high treatment cost involveme nt, or additional situational factors. It is since the fee is charged for the anticipated expenditure of caring for the patient. If the on the whole cost of care is additional than anticipated, the profit the hospital and doctor receive can be decreased. It can force growth of hospital in unconstructive manner. It relies on the equipped efficiency of the hospital that they can acquire additional profits by offering care at a lower-than-anticipated cost. Furthermore, there possibly will be a likelihood of less increase in standard payments for services of small hospital in novel reforms of these models of payment (Wachter, Goldman Hollander, 2005).

The Tragedy of Xenotransplantation :: Transplants Medical Essays

The Tragedy of XenotransplantationBackground and challenges In 1954, surgeon Joseph Murray started a revolution in the Medical industry by performing the first clement organ transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins(1). Initially, allotransplantation received some hindrance due to the ability of the human immune system to reject whatever foreign object. With the introduction of cyclosporin, a powerful drug that minimizes the rejection of foreign tissue, allotransplantion possibilities have expanded spectacularly(3). It is no longer necessary to have an exact match of sure blood type markers for a succeederful human transplant. This means organs from unrelated people can be used. Recipients have a good relegate today of living at least five years with an allograft. These days organ transplantation is a norm. Each year about 20,000 Americans receive life story saving transplants of heart, kidneys , liver or lungs. Today, allotransplantation face s a significant challenge because the need for this procedure far exceeds the availability of donor organs. Each day, approximately 10 Americans fade their last breath waiting for organs to become available. To meet this scarcity of human organs, doctors along with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating an alternative to allotransplantation, xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation, (xeno) is a greek word meaning stranger, involves transplanting or grafting of animal organs, tissues, or cells to replace failing organs or to treat affection in humans. These transplanted or grafted organ, tissue, or cell is called a xenotransplant or xenograft. As documented in Table 1, the concept of xenotransplantation dates as seat as 1682, but it was not until the 1960s that the technological world stimulated this idea for whole organ transplant. In 1963, Keith Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into thirteen patients. Also, in 1964 Hardy and collea gues from the University of disseminated sclerosis used a chimpanzees heart as a xenograft. The patients did not survive for long but the transplanted organs showed no sign of rejection. This success inspired more research and development in xenotransplantation, which resulted in the use of this process for therapeutic effects, such as bone marrow transplant in AIDS patients. Although, both whole organ and bone marrow transplants received limited success, the use of pigs heart valves to repair human hearts and porcine pancreatic islet cells to treat diabetes raises the hopes of scientists that someday whole organ xenotransplantation will be possible.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Students, faculty, family, friends, on this exciting day, I speak to optimism, laughter, and grins. As I was gathering input for this step speech, several race suggested including a profound quote offering encouraging advice to the young graduates, and then there were others who said, eh dont worry about it, no integrity listens to those anyway. Fortunately, I was actually able to take from both suggestions and found a happy balance.You see, I wont tell you today to Dare to dream or Find your own vision or even to Strive for excellence, or any trite clich thats ever been said in a graduation speech. So this might not be your typical commencement. I have no list of Dos and Donts for you. I dont have any funny stories about politicians or teachers. I dont have any jokes, nor do I have any raise quotes from real famous people. And so you may be wondering. Why?Because there are only a few times in life where you house really have time to sit, relax, and at least pretend to be intere sted in another kids advice on what works for them. This is one of those times where I get to fill you in on what has kept me going, trusting that you can relate. First, in attempt to take the advice to include a emblematic quote, it became quite clear that no matter what, life is an endless stream of contradictions and inconsistencies. You see, they tell us that haste makes waste, but then, the early bird gets the worm. And dont put off until tomorrow what you can get done today, but were supposed to stop and nose out the roses? When do we have time to smell the roses when were busy doing everything today? And how do you shoot for the moon when you are being told to wish upon a star? I mean come on.... ... and be proud of all you have accomplished here at McNeil. Sure its long, sure we have tons of kids in our kinfolk, but stare at everyones shoes or something. Laugh it up at the kid who is wearing flip flops. Chuckle at the girl who is only 411 and takes 5 strides for each of your 2. Er, wait, thats me. Enjoy this moment. Dont rush through these motions. This is a significant event. It does deserve grins, laughter, and an optimistic attitude.Life will prompt you by if you dont take time to enjoy all the small things. And remember, its those little things that make life funny. People should laugh at most of the things in life, cry at a few, and be neutral at hardly anything. Guys, I thank you. It has been an honor to serve as your class president. Good luck. Now, I am going to make like America Online Instant Messenger and sign off with an L-O-L. Good bye.