Environmental Factors for International Marketing

Environmental Factors for International Marketing A Key Challenge For International Marketers Is To Develop A Good Understanding Of The International Business Environment. Identify The Key Environmental Factors That Are Of Importance To The Success Of International Marketing And Discuss Their Impacts On International Marketing Decisions. 1. Introduction Due to technological advances and rapid economic growth, the level of world trade has increased considerably over the last four decades. Merchandise exports, for instance, grew from a value of $160 billion in 1963 to almost $16,000 billion in 2008 (WTO, 2009). Motivated by the many rewards and opportunities international exchange offers, more and more countries and companies have become largely involved in international marketing. However, the implications entailed in this â€Å"process of planning and conducting transactions across national borders† are rather different to those companies usually have to face when conducting domestic marketing (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007, p.4). Differences in cultures, economic conditions, and governmental systems amongst countries mean that the marketing activities of companies taking their operations outside national borders are affected by a new series of environmental factors. In order to be successful at international marketing, it is vit al that marketers attain a thorough understanding of these factors as they impact the international business environment and take them into account when carrying out decisions on marketing activities (Hollensen, 2007). Consequently, this essay aims to identify both these fundamental environmental factors and the effects they have on the international marketers decision making. The essay will firstly consider the factors that derive from culture, such as language and religion. Secondly, the economical elements that influence the international business environment will be examined. Finally, the essay will take into consideration legal and political factors. 2. Cultural Environment According to Hofstede (1980), culture is â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another†. Given that culture affects consumers behaviour, understanding cultural dissimilarities is crucial for the success of international marketing (Usunier Lee, 2009). Hall (1976) states that there are high context cultures, such as the Japanese one, where the context is equally as important as the words used, and low context cultures, such as the North American one, where communication is often solely conveyed in words. Companies need to be aware of and adapt their marketing concepts to these differences as otherwise it can easily lead to misinterpretations in communication. They need to take into account the element of language which consists of a verbal (the words used and how they are spoken) and a non-verbal part (e.g. gestures and eye contact). The challenge for them is to attain both a thorough understanding of the language in terms of its technicality and the context in which it is used (Hollensen, 2007). In Japan, for example, IBM changed the classification number of its series 44 computer as the pronunciation for the word four is similar to the word death (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). A further important source of culture is religion. Marketers need to be aware of the differences between the main types of religion as well as the variations within them (Hollensen, 2007). In Hinduism, for example, peoples capacity of consumption is determined by their status. Companies need to take this into account when making planning their marketing strategy. Also, as the main holidays are linked to religion marketers need to consider when they take place when planning marketing programs. The exchange of Christmas gifts, for example, occurs on 6th December in the Netherlands, whereas in other countries they are opened on 24th or 25th December (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Also, companies need to take into account the values and attitudes of countries. The more these shared beliefs or group norms are embedded into the culture the more care companies have to take when implementing marketing activities (Blackwell et al., 2005). Societies that place a high value on tradition are more reluctant to change and may perceive foreign companies with scepticism (Hollensen, 2007). In Japan, for example, many bureaucrats feel that the consumption of foreign products is disloyal to their country (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Another element of culture is aesthetics which determines what people find appropriate and what not. This can differ considerably from one culture to another meaning that marketers need to be aware of them and adapt their marketing concepts accordingly (Usunier Lee, 2009). Henkels FA soap, for example, modified its advertisement spot for the North American market by having the model wear a bathing suit instead of being naked, as in the ad for the European market (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Furthermore, it is important that managers understand the different manners and customs of countries (Usunier Lee, 2009). General Foods orange juice Tang, for example, is marketed as a breakfast drink in the United States, whereas in France it is positioned as a refreshment as there is no habit in drinking orange juice at breakfast (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). There is also the element of education that needs to be taken into account. When designing products or services, for example, companies need to be aware of the level of intelligence of the consumer so they can adapt the complexity of the product or the service to the user (Hollensen, 2007). According to Dallas (1995), the best way for companies to overcome these cultural obstacles is to embrace the local culture. They need to take a localised approach by adjusting products to the markets, building relationships with locals and employing them. This allows marketers to gain information and experience at firsthand, attain an in-depth understanding of what influence consumer behaviour in the market, and cooperate efficiently with employees, the government, and other local partners (Usunier Lee, 2009). This would also allow companies to avoid accusations of cultural imperialism, which happens when marketing approaches are seen as too radical. McDonalds and Coca-Cola, for example, have been accused of forcing American standpoints into other cultures and consequently had to deal with boycotts from consumers (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). 3. Economic Environment International marketers equally need to be aware of economic factors when undertaking marketing decisions (Hollensen, 2007). Population figures provide a basic indication of the attractiveness of the market in terms of size and potential growth by looking at life expectancy, age distribution and population growth. They allow marketers to identify the segments and the geographical areas they should target (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Low population growth rates, for example, usually characterise highly economically developed countries with good disposal income (Bradley, 1999). Also, income levels need to be taken into account as they provide an indication of the purchasing power of the market and allow companies to adapt their marketing concepts accordingly (Hollensen, 2007). A packaged goods company, for example, brought out a more economic version of its product in countries that have lower income levels by using cheaper raw materials. Nonetheless, marketers should not greatly rely on this indicator as there are certain types of products that because of the high value they create for the consumer are not affected by income levels. In China, for example, due to being a good upgrade for bicycles and a cheap alternative for cars, sales of motorcycles are high in the country despite the fact that the price of the product represents a high proportion of salary (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Besides, marketers need to consider consumption pattern which allow them to identify the proportion of income that consumers spend on necessities, including food and rent, and consequently the proportion that is left to spend on less important areas of consumption, such as household goods and leisure (Bradley, 1999; Hollensen, 2007). Given that purchases in these areas can be cancelled or postponed unexpectedly, companies can determine the level of confidence in the market (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Another important economical element is inflation as it strongly affects consumers buying habits and ability to buy. In markets with high inflation rates companies need to modify their product making it less expensive to produce so that they can lower their prices to respond to customer needs and sustain demand (Hollensen, 2007). In addition, marketers need to consider the availability and quality of local infrastructure. Transportation, communication, and energy networks have an important effect on the companys functions. They also provide an indication for the demand of industrial products and services (Bradley, 1999; Hollensen, 2007). The fact that two billion people live without electricity and that the access to a telephone is very limited in Asia, for example, informs industrial products and services companies that there are important marketing opportunities for them there (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Furthermore, companies need to consider regional economic integrations as they can create both opportunities and benefits, and threats and problems for them. The European Union, for example, provides many benefits to companies operating within Europe, such as economies of scale thanks to the large single market. For non-EU companies, however, this integration may create problems (Hollensen, 2007). With the aim of protecting European farmers, for example, the EU has now and again imposed restrictions on the inflow of certain agricultural goods from the U.S. (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). A thorough understanding of these factors allows companies to obtain a good assessment of the market and reduces the possibility of implementing marketing concepts that could have disastrous results (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). 4. Political And Legal Environment The political and legal environment of the companys home country, its host country and the general international environment also has important effects on the marketing activities of international companies (Hollensen, 2007). The politics and regulations of the companys home country can determine its opportunities outside national borders (Hollensen, 2007). One of the main types of regulation that international marketers need to be aware of are embargoes and sanctions which are used to distort the free flow of trade. They need to know where they are applicable and take them into account when planning marketing activities so that they do not breach them and face subsequent sanctions (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Governments also employ export and import control systems. Export controls prevent or delay companies from selling their products in certain countries whilst import controls are used to protect and stimulate the domestic market. Marketers need to take them into account so they know where the company can do business and where it can obtain its supply from. Finally, governments may induct special measures to ensure that their companies behave in a correct manner in the international business environme nt. One of the major areas concerned is boycott, which is when companies reject to conduct business with someone (Hollensen, 2007). The governments control in this area can force companies to decide whether to stop transactions and lose profit or to continue trading and pay charges. The Arab nations, for example, have blacklisted a number of companies who conduct business with Israel. In response, the United States imposed several laws to prevent U.S. companies from complying with the Arab boycott as it has political ties with Israel. Companies may lose out to firms whose home country does not employ such measures (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Nonetheless, according to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2007), it is best to avoid adopting inappropriate behaviour as it may lead to damages to the companys reputation, boycotts by consumers and cancellation of transactions. This might cost the company more money than it gained through adopting such behaviour. Companies are also affected by the legal and political environment of the host country. Marketers firstly need to determine the level of political risk, i.e. the likelihood of political changes that could adversely affect the company, by looking at the host countrys government, its political actions and its stability (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). U.S. companies, for example, who are a major target for terrorist attacks because of their home countrys actions and capitalistic image, need to particularly take into account the stability of the host country (Harvey, 1993). Marketers also need to be aware of the actions of the host countrys government. Price controls, for example, which are used by the government to respond to inflation, can put international companies into a difficult situation where it has to decide whether to stop their operations or to carry on in the hope that the controls will be changed and they can regain the sacrificed profits (Frank, 1984). Companies also need to be familiar with the laws of the host country and the restraints they place on their operations. In France, Canada, Brazil, and Indonesia, for example, there are laws that restrict imports of U.S. entertainment to protect and preserve their cultural industries (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). However there are also laws that are aimed at assisting companies with their international operations, e.g. subsidies (Hollensen, 2007). Shortages of regulations can also create problems for companies, e.g. the lack of intellectual property rights in China (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Therefore, companies need to attain a good understanding of how the countrys legal and political systems work to reduce the impact of the problems they cause. By undertaking in-depth research on the countrys history, culture and political setting before entering it allows companies to avoid making investments that could have disastrous outcomes. An in-depth knowledge of the country would also allow the company to anti cipate, plan and adapt into the local community. Hiring locally, undertaking local charity work and joint ventures with local businesses show the government that the company cares about the local community and does not just see it as an object it can exploit. This reduces the amount of interference by the government giving the company more freedom in its operations (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007; Hollensen, 2007). Marketers must also consider the overall international business environment. Relations between countries and governments have important effects on the operations of international companies. The U.S. governments differences with South Africa, for example, forced U.S. companies to leave their operations in the country. Relations between home and host countries are governed by bilateral agreements, as well as by multilateral ones between sets of countries (Hollensen, 2007). Marketers need to continuously monitor the international political environment keeping up to date with political affairs so that they can anticipate changes and plan and modify their marketing strategy accordingly. In terms of the legal environment, managers need to be aware of certain laws and treaties which because of the respect they receive from many countries have a strong influence on the way companies operate (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). The World Trade Organization, for example, gives an outline on the behavi our that it finds acceptable from its member states (WTO, 2010). 5. Conclusion International marketers are faced with quite many and quite a range of factors in the international business environment that can have profound effects on their marketing activities. They need to be aware of the main sources of culture, such as religion, language, education, values and attitudes, aesthetics, and customs and manners. Given that they are embedded into societies and individuals it is necessary for companies to adapt their marketing activities to the market and not force a different standpoint on the consumer. International marketers also need to consider economical factors, such as population, income, inflation, economic integrations and infrastructure. They allow them to assess the attractiveness of the market and identify the segments and the geographical areas they should target. This reduces the risk of investing money in marketing activities in markets that are unprofitable. Finally, companies need to take into account the legal and political factors affecting the home country, the host country, as well as the overall international business environment. They need to be aware of the different governments, their political actions, their stability, and their relation with other countries, and constantly monitor them by keeping up to date with economic affairs around the world. This allows them to determine the level of political risk so that they can anticipate and plan for threats and take advantage of opportunities political changes offer them. 6. Bibliography Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P. W. and Engel, J. F. (2000). Consumer Behaviour. London: Thomson-South Western Bradley, F. (1999). International Marketing Strategy. London: Prentice Hall. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A. (2007). International Marketing. London: Thomson-South Western. Dallas, S. (15 May 1995). Rule no. 1: Dont diss the locals. Business Week [online]. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1995/b342416.arc.htm [Accessed 10 February 2010]. Frank, V. H. (1984). Living with price control aboard. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 62, March-April, 137-142. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture. Doubleday: Anchor Press. Harvey, M. G. (1993). A survey of corporate programs for managing terrorist threats. Journal of International Business Studies [online]. Vol. 24, No. 3, 465-478. Available from: JSTOR [Accessed 19 January 2010]. Hollensen, S. (2007). Global Marketing: A Decision-Oriented Approach. London: Prentice Hall. Usunier, J. C. (2009). Marketing Across Cultures. London: Prentice Hall. WTO (2009). International Trade Statistics 2009. WTO. Available from: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2009_e/its2009_e.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2010]. WTO (2010). Understanding the WTO. WTO. Available from: http://www.wto.org [Accessed 10 February 2010]. Short Course in International Marketing Blunders : Marketing Mistakes Made by Companies that Should Have Known Better (3rd Edition)

How to Make a German Chocolate Cake

How to Make a German Chocolate Cake So what is the history of the German Chocolate Cake? The truth is that the cake itself did not come from Germany it is actually originated from America. The name â€Å"German† refers to the type of chocolate used in the cakes. And the chocolate itself is named after a Walter Baker& Company employee, Samuel German, who developed the chocolate in 1852. The chocolate was named German’s Sweet Chocolate and eventually became known as German Sweet Chocolate.It is a semi sweet baking chocolate that has a mild flavor and is much sweeter that other semi sweet chocolates most people but at the local grocery store. A German Chocolate Cake is an impressive looking cake. It is a regular chocolate cake with a sweet and gooey coconut and pecan frosting. A traditional German Chocolate Cake is not a typical layer cake that is covered entirely in frosting. This specific cake leaves its sides bare so you can see both the frosting inside and the three la yers of cake.One could argue that the best German Chocolate Cakes are made from scratch instead of store bought, box cakes, or just plain old messed up. Although there are many different variations of German Chocolate Cake recipes the one mentioned in this essay has been passed down from generation to generation. This particular recipe takes between one and a half to two hours to make. This recipe makes ten to twelve servings of cake depending on one’s reason behind making this cake. The ingredients used in this specific recipe are quite simple and very accessible.Many people already have most of these items already at hand. The ingredients for the cake itself are as followed: †¢Baker’s German Sweet Chocolate †¢Water †¢Cake Flour †¢Baking Soda †¢Salt †¢Softened Butter †¢Sugar †¢Separated Eggs †¢Vanilla †¢Buttermilk When making the cake batter with a mixer or without a mixer it will end up being light and fluffy. Along w ith the cake ingredients, there are also items needed for the coconut pecan icing for decorating the cake. Making the icing for the cake requires these items: †¢Egg Yolks †¢Evaporated Milk †¢Vanilla †¢Sugar Butter †¢Bakers’ Angel Flake Coconut †¢Chopped Pecans The cake making process is very detailed in every step. The first step is to preheat the oven to three hundred and fifty degrees. While the oven is preheating, take a bowl filled with half a cup of water and add a whole package or bar of Baker’s German Sweet Chocolate. Once the chocolate is in the water place it in the microwave on high for one and a half or two minutes or until the chocolate is almost melted. Once the chocolate is completely melted set it aside until later on when it is needed.In another bowl mix all of the dry ingredients together, those ingredients include two cups of cake flour, one teaspoon of baking soda, and one fourth of a teaspoon of salt. Once mixed set asi de until it is needed. Next take an even bigger bowl and a stand or hand mixer, and add one cup or two sticks or softened butter and two cups of sugar. Once these ingredients are added in; mix on medium speed until the mixture is light and fluffy. Next add the four egg yolks, one at a time, beating well after each addition. After this step is successfully complete, take the melted chocolate and blend it into the big bowl.Once blended in add one and a half teaspoons of vanilla. The next step would be to add the dry ingredients that were mixed together earlier and mix in one cup of buttermilk back to back. So add a little flour mix then add a little buttermilk until all of the items are in the bowl. After mixing the batter should be nice and fluffy now. The next step is adding in the egg yolks, one at a time, again beating well after each addition. All of the previous steps are to be mixed on a medium speed. In a separate bowl, mix the egg whites, which were separated previously, on h igh speed until soft peaks form.Using a spoon, gently fold the egg whites into the cake mixture. Once doing this the texture of the batter will be similar to that of a chocolate mousse. The last two steps of this cake making process include one preparing three eight or nine inch cake pans by greasing the sides of the pans and pouring the batter evenly. The second includes baking the cake at three hundred and fifty degrees for thirty minutes or until completely done. While the cake is inside the oven cooking, it is time now to make the coconut pecan frosting.Remember to check on the cake while making the frosting and take it out for it to cool down. The frosting process, like the cake process, is very detailed. But the only difference in the two processes would be that the frosting takes much less time to make unlike the cake. So the steps for making the frosting are as followed: †¢In a medium saucepan, heat off, add in four egg yolks, a can of evaporated milk, one and a half te aspoon of vanilla, and wisk it together until it is well blended †¢Add one and a half cups of sugar and three fourths of a cup or one and a half sticks of butter and put it over medium heat.Make sure to stir the mixture constantly for about twelve minutes or until the mix has thickened †¢While stirring the mix playing a couple of songs can make the time fly by much faster †¢After the previous step add one package of Baker’s Angel Flake Coconut and one and a half cups of chopped pecans. †¢Now that everything is mixed in you can turn everything off and let it cool down. To conclude this how to make a German Chocolate Cake essay, it is finally times to put the cake together. After everything has cooled down, it is now time to put the whole cake together.Once all of the cakes have cooled down, run a spatula around the edges to make sure that it will come out easily. Place the bottom layer cake on the cake stand and take the frosting and frost only the top of t he cake. The next steps are just like the previous step, add a layer, then frost the top, then add the last layer and frost the top. Only frosting the tops of the individual cakes gives the cake that signature â€Å"German Chocolate Cake† look. Now that all of that is done it is time to enjoy this moist, light, and fluffy cake. To make the whole cake experience even more exciting would be to have a cup of milk of coffee to go along with it.

Triple Jump Phase

Montrail Brooks Dr. Livingston AES 364 Muscular Analysis Introduction Block starts was create first created to help the grounds keeper take better care of the running surface with was made of clay or cinder. Starting blocks has came a long way from being a single holes dug in the ground to the high tech, lightweight, but yet expensive running aid their now. To properly observe and describe the breakdown of the hop, skip, and jump phases, while determining the muscles that cause these movements.The triple jump, referred to as the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event similar to the long jump. The only difference between the two is that the hop, skip, and jump involve a hop and a step, whereas the long jump involves just a jump. In the first phase of the triple jump, the competitor builds momentum by sprinting down the runway, planting their lead foot at the marked board, and â€Å"hops† into the air, cycling one leg around into phase two.After completing the cycle, the lead foot strikes the ground again initiating the â€Å"skip†, where the opposite leg is brought up and the body goes into the bounding position. Finally as the body is coming out of the bounding position, the opposite leg hits the ground in order to propel or â€Å"jump† the body forwards, aiming for distance rather than height, into the pit. [pic] The phases In the triple jump, there are three joints that aid in movement of the hip, the knee, and the ankle. Together the three joints allow optimum distance and proper stability for the jumper.The hip, which holds the femur and pelvis, allows the jumper to extend as his foot strikes the board. While keeping the knee in flexion, he pushes off into the cycling pattern. In the skip phase, the hip will remain in a flexed position as the trail leg goes into extension. When in the jump phase, the hip allows the leg to go from an extended position, to a partial flexed position. The knee, which hold the fibula, tibia, femur, a nd patella, just like the hip is a very important part of the triple jump process.In the initial â€Å"hop† phase, the knee extends, but quickly switches to flexion throughout the cycling pattern. During the â€Å"skip† phase the knee will remain in flexion, while extending the opposite leg. Following the second phase, the lead leg switches to the trail leg, which remains in flexion for the final â€Å"jump†. Finally, the ankle is made up of three separate joints: the talocrucal joint, inferior tibiofibular joint, and subtalar joint. These joints, just like in the kinetic chain, are where the power originates from.In the â€Å"hop† phase, the ankle of the lead leg will remain dorsi flexed, and the trail leg will be slightly plantar flexed, but will quickly draw up into the dorsiflexion. As the jumper enters into the â€Å"skip† phase the ankle will remain dorsiflex, while the trail leg switches to the front. This will allow the trail leg to go dors iflex, and the lead leg to deliver a powerful push-off into plantarflexion. [pic] The muscles and their functions in the Hop, Skip, and Jump phase.The muscles involved in the triple jump are the quads: rectus fermoris (allow hip concentric flexion and knee eccentric extension), vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius (helps the knee eccentric extend); the hamstring muscles: semimembranosus, semitendious, and biceps femoris (allows the jumper to extend the hip and normally pair with the help of the eccentric gluteus maximus); and finally, the lower leg muscles: concentric tibialis anterior, the concentric extensor digitorum longus (which provide the ankle with the ability to perform dorsiflexion), the peroneus longus, soleus, and gastrocnemius (which allow eccentric planterflexion for that last jump push-off). The main stabilizer, the gluteus medius, acts as a front plane stabilizer and restricts the leg from turning in vargus or valgum, allowing the leg to plant. Conclusion An i mportant factor in determining the power and momentum developed in the sprint start is the angle of the front leg in the set position.Most literature accepts that an angle close to 90 degrees is the ideal angle in this position. It allows the knee extensors to work best at the correct time for maximum power and momentum to be developed. An angle in excess of 90 degrees may allow a faster leg speed out of the blocks but will not develop the same power and momentum. Borzov (1980) in his investigations into an optimal starting position varies a little, with a suggested ideal front leg angle of 100 degrees. Opinions on rear leg angle vary between 110 degrees and 135 degrees. Tellez & Doolittle (1984) suggest an optimal angle of about 135 degrees for the rear leg because it allows the lever to move more quickly and allows greater impulse from a static position.They also suggest that an early body velocity provided by the rear leg drive past the front leg is a better mechanical position t o accelerate through a more prolonged application of force. Conclusion An important factor in determining the power and momentum developed in the sprint start is the angle of the front leg in the set position. Most literature accepts that an angle close to 90 degrees is the ideal angle in this position. It allows the knee extensors to work best at the correct time for maximum power and momentum to be developed. An angle in excess of 90 degrees may allow a faster leg speed out of the blocks but will not develop the same power and momentum.Borzov (1980) in his investigations into an optimal starting position varies a little, with a suggested ideal front leg angle of 100 degrees. Opinions on rear leg angle vary between 110 degrees and 135 degrees. Tellez & Doolittle (1984) suggest an optimal angle of about 135 degrees for the rear leg because it allows the lever to move more quickly and allows greater impulse from a static position. They also suggest that an early body velocity provide d by the rear leg drive past the front leg is a better mechanical position to accelerate through a more prolonged application of Reference: Track and Field News Presents: Technique and Drills for the Long Jump and Triple Jump. Gary Derks. Fundamental Aspect of the Triple Jump for Dummies By: Fritz Spence and Gerald Masterson, PH. D.

How Boys Become Men Essay example - 933 Words

It’s a Guy Thing â€Å"Friend stopped, stood still, and braed himself.. see I’m no chicken† (Katz 221). Male maturation is a very complex sophisticated process. In â€Å"How Boys Become Men† Jon Katz takes on the challenge and head ache of analyzing this process. He explains how learning one of the central ethics of the gender is experiencing pain rather than showing fear and emotion. We do so by taken on challenges because we feel obligated to in front of our friends in order to not look cowardly. How we demonstrate machismo and lack commitment, how we do whatever we can to fit into the society around us and are willing to do anything just to resemble coolness and absolutely no tolerability of getting pushed around. It called Guy Code, a set of†¦show more content†¦He had been in hundreds of fights before since he was three years old that he lived by a set of rules that anything anyone else does or may do can result in a fight. Literally. This is one of Katz’s e xplanation of machismo and no tolerability of getting pushed around. Back at home Junior may have gotten the snot beat out of him but because of Juniors actions it was actually able to gain not only others respect but Rogers as well, the most feared popular white kid at school. This also goes back to Katz’s explanation ‘experience pain rather than show fear’. Junior was willing to experience the pain rather than showing Rodger how frightful he really was. The one thing Junior didn’t want happening was being called a coward or becoming Rogers punching bag the rest of the year. Experience pain rather than show fear is the way Junior grew up. On the rez male Indians were supposed to be providers for the family and woman care givers. In Juniors case however, he wasn’t like most Indians. He was different, and he stuck out like a needle in a haystack. Experiencing pain wasn’t an option, it was more of a given in Juniors case. It was the fear, and t he fear is what Junior did so good of holding back. He was brave for a little guy and definitely had heart showing that machismo inside of everyman. â€Å"You stitch me up. I want to play tonight†¦Then I’ll look tougher† (Alexie, 147). ThisShow MoreRelatedHow Boys Become Men Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesHow Boys Become Men The article â€Å"How Boys Become Men† written by Jon Katz, gives a positive statement on how boys still haven’t change and are still growing up the same. Jon Katz, shares with us while walking his dog one day, he saw a boy get beaten by a group of older boys. While walking towards him, Katz asked if he was okay; the boy said yes and begun to swing like nothing happened. I believe that what Jon Katz states is true, because the fact is; boys are always going to think they’re theRead MoreHis eaasy talk about the article How Boys Become Men, by Jon Katz. 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For men, advertisers target ages 18 to 34Read MoreInside the World of Boys: Behind the Mask of Masculinity by William Pollack751 Words   |  4 PagesInside the World of Boys: Behind the Mask of Masculinity by William Pollack William Pollack, in his article â€Å"Inside the World of Boys: Behind the Mask of Masculinity†, discusses on how boy tries to hide behind the mask and the stereotypical of masculinity. He demonstrates how boy hide their deepest though and feelings and real self. Pollack open the essay with â€Å"a fourteen-year-old boy, he is doing badly in school and he might fail algebra, but when teacher or his parent ask about it, he saidRead MoreBros Before Hos : The Guy Code Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesKimmel he writes about many different standards and ideals that young men must live up to, to be accepted in today’s society. 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For example, a young boy can observe bad behaviorRead MoreSynthesis Of Female Vs Male Stereotypes1560 Words   |  7 PagesCarolyn Hook Professor Dobbs English 101, Sections 61843 October 20, 2017 Synthesis of Female vs Male Stereotypes I will be looking at the two articles, What it means to ‘Be a Man’: How male Gender Stereotypes Try to Fit Growing Boys into a Mold, and Fail by Samantha Olson and the other article is I Want a Wife by Judy Brady. ’Synthesis is the combining of separate elements or substances to form a coherent whole. The combining of the constituent elements of separate material or abstract entitiesRead MoreSummary : The Prairie Cowboys 1238 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, things have changed. Sweatshops are illegal, cars are a near necessity, and more women now graduate college than men. The post-industrial era economy is flourishing in the United States, but not everyone is flourishing in it. All across America coalmines are empty, railroad spikes and sledgehammers are rusting, and straw cowboy hats slowly rot. Jobs once held by ‘manly’ men are disappearing and, â€Å"for the first time in American history, the balance of the workforce tipped towards women, who n owRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender1220 Words   |  5 Pages3 In the reading â€Å"The social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber she describes how gender is socially constructed. Sex is the biological difference while gender is the social and cultural meanings attached to femininity and masculinity (lecture). From the time that a child is born the doctor assigns it a gender, girl or boy, depending on its genitalia. In the reading â€Å"Naming All the Parts† it focused on how when doctors view genitalia to decide the gender they say there is a penis or there is